Polyvinyl halide polymer composition and shaped articles produced therefrom

ABSTRACT

A polymer composition adapted for use in producing polyvinyl halide polymer products comprising a blend of a vinyl halide polymer and a particulate terpolymer having a molecular weight of at least about 100,000 and a glass transition temperature of at least about 50° C. The terpolymer comprises repeating units derived from an olefin, a diester of an addition polymerizable unsaturated dicarboxylic acid, and a solubilizing monomer which promotes compatibility of the terpolymer with the vinyl halide polymer. A shaped plastic article produced from this composition, and method of producing the shaped article are also disclosed.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 477,197, filed Mar. 21, 1983, now abandoned.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to the field of producing shaped articles from polyvinyl halide polymers and, more particularly, to improved polymer compositions containing processing aids which facilitate molding, calendering, extrusion or other mechanical processing of polyvinyl halides.

Polyvinyl halides such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) possess service properties which commend their use in a variety of applications. The electrical resistivity of PVC has led to widespread use as a wire and cable insulation. A substantial industry in PVC pipe and conduit has been made possible by the mechanical strength of the polymer and its resistance to water and solvents. A very substantial volume of PVC is also consumed in the manufacture of film, foam and a variety of products produced by extrusion and injection molding.

Because of the hardness of vinyl chloride homopolymer and its susceptibility to thermal degradation, mechanical processing of the homopolymer has required substantial use of plasticizers to render it more readily workable, and heat stabilizers to prevent degradation at mechanical processing temperatures. A variety of other additives including lubricants, fillers, and impact modifiers are conventionally compounded with vinyl chloride homopolymer to provide compositions suited for use in calendering, injection molding, extrusion and other mechanical working processes.

Although plasticizers soften PVC, increase its flexibility, and generally facilitate its processing, the presence of plasticizers may alter the mechanical strength of the polymer and the shaped articles produced therefrom. If blending and processing are not properly controlled, or if conditions of use are severe, plasticizers may tend to bleed or weep from the surfaces of the PVC product. There has thus been a need in the art for means facilitating the processing of polyvinyl halide polymers while minimizing adverse effects on the end product.

In response to this need, various polymer processing aids (PPAs) have been developed. These PPAs are typically polymeric materials that are blended with the polyvinyl halide polymer prior to processing. They are intended to facilitate processing by promoting rapid fusion, lowering melt viscosity, improving melt strength, improving surface quality, and lowering melt temperature, without diminishing the physical properties of the end product produced from the polyvinyl halide. Among the commercially available PPAs are various copolymers that are predominantly constituted of methyl methacrylate, for example, Rohm & Haas's "K-120-N", or of styrene or substituted styrene, for example, "Amoco 18." While both of these types are useful processing aids, a need has remained in the art for PPAs which provide rapid fusion while exhibiting a high compatibility with polyvinyl halide polymers and not reducing the heat deflection temperature of shaped articles produced from polyvinyl halide blends containing the PPA. Certain of the commercial processing aids also tend to cause swelling of extruded PVC as it emanates from the die. There has, thus, been a need for PPAs which provide processability with minimum die swell. Further continuing needs have persisted for PPAs which preserve the clarity of sheets and film and which provide the lowest feasible melt viscosity so as to maximize productivity and minimize power consumption during mechanical processing of the vinyl halide polymer.

Jennings U.S. Pat. No. 2,646,417 describes vinyl halide compositions which contain a high molecular weight interpolymer of styrene and acrylonitrile as a processing aid. Optionally the styrene/acrylonitrile copolymer can contain up to 20% by weight of another monoolefinic monomeric material. The third monomer may be selected from a long list of vinyl esters, acrylic and α-alkyl acrylic acids, their alkyl esters, their amides, and their nitriles, vinyl alkyl ethers and ketones, and alkyl esters of maleic and fumaric acid. The exemplary disclosure describes a copolymer containing 75% styrene and 25% acrylonitrile, and a terpolymer containing 65% styrene, 25% acrylonitrile and 10% ethyl acrylate, as processing aids for the vinyl halide polymer.

Barkhuff et al. U.S. Pat. No. 3,073,791 describes an emulsion interpolymer of an alkyl ester of fumaric acid, an unsaturated acid such as acrylic, cinnamic, atropic or crotonic, a hardening comonomer such as styrene, and optionally, an unsaturated nitrile. The product is a film former described as useful in textile finishing.

Wesp et al. U.S. Pat. No. 2,851,444 discloses terpolymers of styrene, dialkyl fumarate and at least 2% of a third monomer which may be of a different dialkyl fumarate. Exemplified are terpolymers of styrene/methacrylic acid/diethyl fumarate and vinyltoluene/methacrylonitrile/methacrylic acid. The disclosure is primarily concerned with the preparation of clear terpolymers which may be selected from a narrow range of compositions along a line joining binary polymerization azeotropes on a three component monomer composition diagram. Polymerization azeotropes are described as monomer compositions containing such relative proportions of monomers that, when subjected to batchwise bulk polymerization, copolymers are formed having the same composition as the monomer mixture. The terpolymers described by Wesp et al. are film forming polymers that can be blended with other polymers, plasticizers, solvents, fillers, pigments, dyes, stabilizers and the like.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Among the several objects of the present invention may be noted the provision of novel vinyl halide polymer compositions having improved properties for use in mechanical processing to produce shaped plastic articles; the provision of such novel compositions which are subject to rapid fusion during processing, thereby lowering the necessary proportions of heat stabilizer, lowering the processing temperature, increasing throughput, and reducing energy requirements in processing; the provision of such compositions from which high clarity processed products can be obtained; the provision of such compositions in which pigments are readily dispersible; the provision of such compositions which provide improved mold definition, mold release and mold filling rates in injection molding; the provision of such compositions which reduce wear and corrosion of processing equipment in injection molding or extrusion; the provision of such polymer compositions which undergo minimum die swell in the course of extrusion; the provision of such compositions which have superior mechanical processing properties yet produce a product whose heat deflection temperature and other important properties compare favorably with those of the constituent polyvinyl halide; the provision of such compositions which provide improved efficiency by comparison with previously available polyvinyl halide compositions; the provision of such compositions which are processable into shaped articles having improved weatherability; the provision of shaped articles prepared from such compositions; and the provision of methods for producing shaped plastic articles comprised of polyvinyl halide polymers.

Briefly, therefore, the invention is directed to a polymer composition adapted for use in producing vinyl halide polymer products, comprising a blend of a vinyl halide polymer and a particulate terpolymer having a molecular weight of at least about 100,000 and a glass transition temperature of at least about 50° C. The terpolymer comprises between about 30% and about 90% by weight of repeating units derived from an olefin, between about 1% and about 30% by weight of repeating units derived from a diester of an addition polymerizable unsaturated dicarboxylic acid, and between about 1% and about 40% by weight of repeating units derived from a solubilizing monomer which promotes compatibility of the terpolymer with the vinyl halide polymer.

The invention is further directed to a polymer composition adapted for the aforesaid use and comprising a blend of a vinyl halide polymer and a particulate terpolymer comprising repeating units derived from an olefin, a diester of an addition polymerizable unsaturated dicarboxylic acid, and a solubilizing monomer which promotes compatibility of the terpolymer with the vinyl halide polymer, all in the aforesaid ranges of proportions. The terpolymer has a nonrandom distribution of repeating units, a terminal portion thereof containing a proportion of the solubilizing monomer at least sufficient to impart dispersive compatibility with the vinyl halide polymer.

Further included in the invention are shaped articles produced from each of the aforesaid polymer blends.

The invention is also directed to processes for producing a shaped plastic article, comprising mechanical processing of each of the aforesaid blends.

Additionally the invention is directed to a process for preparing a polymer composition adapted for use in the production of shaped plastic articles. In this process, a particulate vinyl halide polymer is agitated and energy is introduced into it to elevate its temperature. A heat stabilizer is added to the particulate polymer at a polymer temperature of between about 125° F. (52° C.) and about 135° F. (57° C.), after which the mixture of vinyl halide polymer and heat stabilizer is agitated and energy introduced into it to elevate its temperature. A polymer processing aid is introduced into the mixture at a mixture temperature of between about 160° F. (71° C.) and about 180° F. (82° C.). The processing aid comprises a particulate terpolymer comprising between about 30% and about 90% by weight repeating units derived from an olefin, between about 1% and about 30% by weight repeating units derived from a diester of an addition polymerizable unsaturated dicarboxylic acid, and between about 1% and about 40% by weight repeating units derived from a solubilizing monomer which promotes compatibility of the terpolymer with the vinyl halide monomer. The mixture containing the vinyl halide polymer and the processing aid is agitated and energy introduced thereinto to elevate its temperature. A lubricant is introduced into the mixture containing the processing aid at a mixture temperature of between about 190° F. (88° C.) and about 210° F. (99° C.), and the mixture containing the lubricant is agitated and energy introduced thereinto to elevate its temperature to not higher than about 250° F. (121° C.).

Other objects and features will be in part apparent and in part pointed out hereinafter.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a typical plot of the logarithm of apparent viscosity vs. the reciprocal of temperature in the mechanical processing of PVC;

FIG. 2 is an idealized plot of the concentrations of PVC granules, globules and nodules, respectively, vs. processing temperature and processing time based on a postulated first order particle breakdown phenomenon in the mechanical processing of PVC;

FIG. 3 sets forth the curve of FIG. 1 and a second curve illustrating the general effect of PPAs on apparent viscosity and viscosity activation energy;

FIG. 4 sets forth curves of the type shown in FIG. 2 and a second set of curves illustrating the effect PPAs are believed to exert on the kinetics of PVC particle breakdown in mechanical flow processing;

FIG. 5 sets forth plots of fusion time vs. PPA level for fusion tests conducted in a Brabender plasticorder on three PVC blends, one containing a commercially available PPA and the other two comprising a blend of the invention;

FIG. 6 set forth plots of fusion temperature vs. PPA level for the same blends whose fusion time curves are reflected in FIG. 5;

FIG. 7 sets forth plots of fusion time vs. head temperature for Brabender fusion tests on the blends of FIG. 5 and 6; and

FIG. 8 is a plot of surface quality vs. PPA molecular weight for various PVC blends subjected to Killion extrusion tests.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

In accordance with the present invention, it has been discovered that mechanical processing of polyvinyl halide polymers is facilitated by the use of novel polymer composition containing novel terpolymer processing aids. By use of these processing aids, the fusion temperature of a polyvinyl halide polymer, such as polyvinyl chloride, is significantly reduced without any significant adverse effect on the end use properties of a shaped article fabricated from a blend of the processing aid and the polyvinyl halide polymer. The presence of the processing aid serves to lower the melt viscosity and lower the melt temperature, and also improve the dynamic thermal stability, hot tear strength, hot elongation and surface quality of the polyvinyl halide composition which contains it. Rapid fusion and relatively lower melt temperature and viscosity promote high productivity in the calendering, injection molding, extrusion or other mechanical processing operations to which the polymer composition is subjected in the production of various shaped article products. While PPAs generally tend to cause die swell in the extrusion of polyvinyl halide polymers, it has been found that the compositions of the invention undergo minimum die swell as compared, for example, to compositions containing PPAs based on methyl methacrylate.

The particular terpolymer used in the composition of the invention preferably has a particle size distribution such that at least about 90% by weight of the particles are smaller than about 100 microns. In order to function satisfactorily as a processing aid, it should have a glass transition temperature of at least about 50° C., preferably 60°-100° C., and most preferably 80°-100° C., as measured by ASTM method D3418 (1982). To prevent its acting as a plasticizer which diminishes the mechanical properties of the polyvinyl halide end product, it is also important that the terpolymer have a relatively high molecular weight. For this purpose and to provide good surface quality of PVC processed with the terpolymer, the terpolymer molecular weight is preferably at least about 100,000, more preferably 500,000-2,000,000 (weight average) as measured by gel permeation chromatography. Molecular weights above about 3,000,000 may be undesirable if associated with glass transition temperatures significantly higher then 100° C. Optimally, the molecular weight is in the range of 800,000 to 1,500,000.

Although we do not wish to be held to a particular theory, it is believed that terpolymers containing repeating units derived from a diester of an addition polymerizable unsaturated carboxylic acid provide rapid fusion at relatively low fusion temperature by promoting interparticle friction between the particles of polyvinyl halide polymer. Use of styrene or other vinyl aromatics as the olefin component further contributes to rapid fusion, apparently by further promoting interparticle friction, by solvation of the polyvinyl halide, or both. By whatever mechanism, the composition of the invention are subject to exceptionally rapid fusion, as much as thirty times more rapid than that obtained with compositions containing methyl methacrylate based PPAs. Moreover, the novel PPAs facilitate processing without significantly reducing the PVC end use properties. To the extent that interparticle friction is promoted, the effect of the processing aid is believed to be the reverse of that obtained with those plasticizers which operates as internal lubricants to promote interparticle movement with minimal friction.

Studies of PVC microstructure morphology and flow rheology indicate that solid state PVC is constituted of a microdomain of nodules about 0.01 micron in diameter which are arranged in the form of microgranules (globules) of approximately 1 micron in size. In the solid state, the globules are agglomerated to form PVC granules approximately 100 microns in size. In the mechanical processing of PVC, analysis suggests that the granules are broken down to globules in one temperature range and the globules further broken down to the microdomain structure in a higher temperature range. This two step breakdown may be characterized as equivalent to a consecutive first order reaction with a characteristic reaction energy. Thus, if the logarithm of apparent viscosity is plotted against the reciprocal of the processing temperature as shown in FIG. 1, there are two breaks in the slope of the curve. Processing in the temperature region below Tb₁, the first break temperature, is considered to involve primarily breakdown of granules to globules, while the temperature region between Tb₁ and the second break temperature (Tb₂) predominantly involves breakdown of globules to nodules. Based on a consecutive first order model, the composition of the PVC microstructure as a function of temperature and processing time may be represented as in FIG. 2. Thus, the concentration of globules reaches a maximum at about Tb₁, the concentration of nodules (microdomain) reaches a plateau at approximately Tb₂, and the fusion temperature is considered to be between Tb₁ and Tb₂.

Because apparent viscosity is also affected by shear, especially in regions II and III of FIGS. 1 and 2, the shapes of the viscosity vs. reciprocal temperature and particle concentration vs. temperature/processing time curves also vary based on the extent of agitation. In Regions III and II, the viscosity activation energy is shear rate dependent, while in Region I, it is not so dependent. This indicates that a shear rate dependent particle flow system prevails in Regions III and II, while a more Newtonian molecular flow system prevails in Region I.

By use of the compositions of the invention, it has been found that, at a given shear rate, the log of viscosity vs. reciprocal temperature curve is translated downwardly. It has further been found that the viscosity activation energy, i.e., the slope of this curve is also reduced significantly, especially in region I. This is illustrated ideally in FIG. 3. Although FIG. 3 is illustrative and not intended to quantitatively reflect the effect of any particular PPA, it does indicate the manner in which the PPAs influence rheology and facilitate processing. Thus, by use of the compositions of the invention, rapid fusion is achieved at relatively low temperatures with relatively low energy input. Melt viscosities are also measurably lower at temperatures in the region of Tb₂. The effect of the processing aids on the morphology of the PVC resin is conceptually illustrated in FIG. 4.

It will be noted that, at a given processing time and temperature, use of PPAs provides a higher fusion percentage, i.e., proportion of PVC particles in the microdomain structure. Generally, however, a very high microdomain content is associated with die swell. Because the compositions of the invention exhibit only minimal die swell, it appears that they achieve an optimum flow viscosity at a relatively low percentage of fusion as compared to polyvinyl halide compositions containing methyl methacrylate based PPAs.

In the terpolymers utilized in the compositions of the invention, the olefin component is most preferably styrene. However, various other nuclear substituted styrenes such as vinyltoluene, chlorostyrene, lower alkyl styrenes and other vinyl aromatics are also suitable. Alternatively, but less preferably, various alkenes such as ethylene, propylene and butylene may comprise the olefin component. Generally, the olefin constitutes 30-90% by weight, preferably 60-85% by weight of the terpolymer.

Dialkyl fumarates such as, for example, diethyl fumarate, methyl ethyl fumarate, ethyl propyl fumarate, dibutyl fumarate and ethyl butyl fumarate are preferred as the diester component of the terpolymer. Diesters of itaconic acid are also highly suitable. Diesters of other monounsaturated dicarboxylic acids such as maleic and tetrahydrophthalic acid can also be utilized, but are less preferred. In addition to the dialkyl diesters, alkyl aryl and diaryl esters may also be employed. Among the useful alkyl moieties, in both dialkyl and aryl alkyl diesters, are aralkyl radicals such as benzyl, phenylethyl and phenylbutyl. As noted, it is believed that the diester component plays a key role in promoting interparticle friction in the polyvinyl halide composition, thus lowering melt temperature and promoting rapid fusion. To some degree, it also appears to enhance compatibility with PVC. While the diester content of the terpolymer can be varied fairly widely, the combination of olefin and diester should be sufficient for the terpolymer to reduce the fusion temperature of a vinyl halide polymer in the mechanical processing of a blend of the polyvinyl halide and the terpolymer, without substantial adverse effect on the heat deflection temperature of a shaped article produced from the blend. Generally, the diester may constitute between about 1 and about 30% by weight of the terpolymer, most preferably 5-20% by weight.

Because neither the olefin nor the diester component of the terpolymer has adequate compatibility with a polyvinyl halide resin, a third monomer is incorporated for the purpose of imparting compatibility. This solubilizing monomer is also preferably a highly reactive monomer that promotes complete reaction of the diester monomer, which by itself has relatively low reactivity. Most preferably, the solubilizing monomer is acrylonitrile or methacrylonitrile. However, other reactive monomers may be used which have a solubility parameter within about 1.5 (cal/cm³)^(1/2) of that of the polyvinyl halide. For PVC homopolymer, the solubility parameter is about 9.0 (cal/cm³)^(1/2). Suitable solubilizing monomers include acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, ethyl methacrylate and other methacrylate and acrylate esters.

In the terpolymer processing aid, the proportion and distribution of solubilizing monomer is such as to impart at least dispersive compatibility with a polyvinyl halide with which the terpolymer is blended. Both random and nonrandom distributions of monomer repeating units are contemplated. In a random terpolymer, the solubilizing monomer should comprise about 1-40%, preferably about 10-20% by weight of the terpolymer chain. In a nonrandom structure, a terminal portion of the terpolymer should contain at least a sufficient proportion of solubilizing monomer units to provide the necessary compatibility. Compatibility is recognized to be a matter of degree, varying along a spectrum or continuum from complete mutual solubility to a distinctly two phase system. For purposes of this disclosure, a terpolymer is considered to exhibit dispersive compatibility with a polyvinyl halide if, after subjection to conventional operations of blending, extrusion and injection molding of the extruded blend, particle size of the dispersed PPA is not more than about 1/3.

Whether the monomer distribution is random or nonrandom, minor proportions of additional monomers can be used in the terpolymers. Thus, for example, it has been found advantageous to include a small proportion of a free acid such as fumaric acid or itaconic acid, for example, at a level of 0.01 to 5% by weight, to impart improved light stability to a polyvinyl halide polymer composition containing the terpolymer as a processing aid.

While, as noted above, the terpolymer can have either a random or nonrandom distribution of monomer repeating units, it is preferred that the distribution be nonrandom and that the solubilizing monomer units be preferentially concentrated at a terminal portion of the terpolymer in order to maximize the compatibility of the terpolymer with a polyvinyl halide polymer with which it is blended. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the terpolymer is segmented, having a first segment containing between about 30% and about 90% by weight, preferably about 60-85% by weight, of olefin, between about 1% and about 30% by weight, preferably about 5-20% by weight, of the diester monomer, and up to about 40% by weight, preferably about 10-20% by weight of the solubilizing monomer. A terminal segment of the terpolymer comprises between about 10% and about 90% by weight, preferably 60-80% by weight of the olefin, between about 10% and about 90% by weight, preferably about 20-40% by weight, of the solubilizing monomer, and between 0 and about 10% by weight of the diester, preferably none. Additionally, each segment may optionally contain minor proportions of recurring units derived from other addition polymerizable monomers and, as noted above, a small proportion of free dicarboxylic acid is preferred in order to enhance the light stability of polyvinyl halides with which the terpolymer processing aid is blended.

In the segmented polymer, there may be either a single terminal segment relatively rich in solubilizing monomer or terminal segments of such character on each end of the first segment. The first segment may either have a random or nonrandom distribution. In the latter instance, the first monomer segment may comprise two or more subsegments. In any case, the polymer is substantially linear and should contain between about 0.2 and about 1.0 parts by weight terminal segment per part by weight of the first or base segment. Thus, for example, the terpolymer may be represented by the formula

    [Ax.sub.2 By.sub.2 Cz.sub.2 D(1-x.sub.2 -y.sub.2 -z.sub.2)].sub.m [Ax.sub.1 By.sub.1 Cz.sub.1 D(1-x.sub.1 -y.sub.1 -z.sub.1)].sub.p [Ax.sub.2 By.sub.2 Cz.sub.2 D(1-x.sub.2 -y.sub.2 -z.sub.2)].sub.n

where A represents a repeating unit derived from the olefin, B represents a repeating unit derived from the diester monomer, C represents a repeating unit derived from the solubilizing monomer, D collectively represents repeating units derived from all other monomers, x₁ represents the mole fraction of olefin in the first segment and is between about 0.30 and about 0.90, y₁ represents the mole fraction of the diester monomer in the first segment and is between about 0.01 and about 0.30, z₁ represents the mole fraction of solubilizing monomer in the first segment and is not higher than about 0.40, x₂ represents the mole fraction of olefin in a terminal segment and is between about 0.10 and about 0.90, y₂ represents the mole fraction of diester monomer in a terminal segment and is not greater than about 0.10, z₂ represents the mole fraction of solubilizing monomer in a terminal segment and is between about 0.10 and about 0.90, p represents a number of equivalent repeating units and is sufficient to provide a molecular weight of at least about 50,000 in the first segment, and m and n represent the numbers of equivalent repeating units in the terminal segments, with m+n being between about 0.2 and about 1.0 p. Where the segmented polymer is produced by emulsion polymerization as described below, there is, for practical purposes, only a single terminal segment, i.e., m and n differ substantially, with one or the other tending towards zero.

A large variety of polymers within the aforesaid ranges of proportions are effective processing aids which provide rapid fusion of PVC at modest PPA levels. It has been found that very rapid fusion at relatively low PPA levels is achieved with segmented terpolymers containing dibutyl fumarate as the diester and styrene as the olefin. An especially effective PPA contains between about 14 and about 18 parts by weight dibutyl fumarate per 100 parts by weight terpolymer and, in the terminal segment, between about 4 and about 8 parts by weight acrylonitrile and between about 12 and about 16 parts by weight styrene per 100 parts by weight terpolymer.

The terpolymer processing aids are preferably prepared by emulsion polymerization. Because of the disparity between the relatively high reactivities of the olefin and solubilizing monomers on one hand, and the relatively low reactivity of the diester monomer on the other, the reaction is preferably run under monomer "starved" conditions by slowly adding the monomers to a preheated emulsion polymerization medium at a rate such that the progress of the polymerization is limited by the monomer introduction rate rather than the kinetics of the polymerization. Under such circumstances, the unreacted diester monomer accumulates to a modest equilibrium concentration, after which it reacts at essentially the same rate that it is added to the emulsion system. As noted above, diester reacts more readily with the olefin or solubilizing monomer than it does with itself, so that continuous addition of the more reactive monomers also promotes complete reaction of the diester.

In preparation of the terpolymer, an emulsion polymerization system is initially prepared by adding a surfactant to deionized water. In one embodiment, both an anionic and a nonionic surfactant are used, typically about 1-3% by weight anionic and about 0.5-2% by weight nonionic. In this embodiment, various conventional surfactants of these types can be used, as is well known in the art of emulsion polymerization. Typically, the anionic surfactant is an alkylaryl sulfonate or alkyl sulfate. Preferably, the emulsion polymerization medium also contains a chelating agent such as, for example, the tetrasodium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid so as to tie up any metal ions which could otherwise interfere with the polymerization or catalyze depolymerization of the product. It is also preferred that the pH of the polymerization medium be adjusted to within the range of about 8.5 to 9.5, for example, by addition of an alkali metal hydroxide and/or alkali metal bicarbonate. Water soluble initiators are also preferred in the preparation of the polymers of the invention. Thus, the reactor charge should also contain such an initiator, for example, potassium persulfate.

Preferably, prior to the introduction of monomers, the emulsion polymerization medium is heated to a temperature in the range of 75°-90° C., most preferably 80°-85° C., in a stirred vessel. A mixture of monomers is then continuously added to the reaction vessel at a controlled rate which is slow enough to avoid progressive accumulation of diester monomer and to obtain a polymer whose composition contains repeating units in substantially the same proportions as the monomers added to the system. Depending on the reactor system utilized, and more particularly the heat removal capacity, monomer introduction rate may also need to be limited to avoid any excessive temperature increase in the reaction medium due to exothermic heat of reaction. The total amount of monomer added is preferably such as to provide a product latex containing 30-45%, most preferably 35-40% solids. Monomers can be added either individually or mixed, and in either bulk or emulsion form, but a bulk premixture is preferred.

Typically, the monomer mixture is introduced over a period of 1-2 hours. After monomer introduction is complete, the polymerization mixture is preferably heated to a temperature of 82°-90° C. and held at such temperature for an additional 20-60 minutes to complete the polymerization. Thereafter, the product latex is cooled to 25° C. and either air dried or spray dried to produce a fine powdery terpolymer.

In the preparation of a segmented polymer, a first monomer mixture is added in the proportions desired in the first polymer segment. This mixture is added slowly and continuously to produce a prepolymer corresponding to the first segment. Thereafter, a terminal monomer mixture is added containing monomers in the proportions desired for the terminal segment. The relative amounts of the two monomer mixtures are preferably such as to provide the 0.2-1.0 weight ratio of terminal segment to first segment, and the total amount of monomer is such as to provide the latex solids content adverted to above.

In a preferred alternative of the polymerization process, the nonionic surfactant is omitted and a fatty acid soap is used in place of a sulfate or sulfonate detergent as the anionic surfactant. Conveniently, a dispersion of the soap is produced in situ by independently adding a fatty acid and an alkali metal hydroxide to the polymerization medium. Where such a soap is substituted for the detergent, the solid particles of the latex product can be agglomerated and precipitated from the emulsion polymerization medium as granules. This is readily accomplished by mixing the product latex with a solution containing a coagulating electrolyte such as MgSO₄ or other divalent metal salt which forms insoluble soaps with the fatty acid component of the latex. Strong acids are also effective coagulants. The solid granular terpolymer product can be recovered by filtration and dried with considerably less expenditure of energy than is necessary for the recovery of fine particles from a latex. Also, the agglomerated particles can be washed, thereby eliminating contaminants which may otherwise cause color degradation of a polyvinyl halide composition in which the terpolymer is utilized. Moreover, the agglomerates represent a superior commercial form of the processing aid since they can be handled and packaged with much less dusting than is encountered with the fine particle powder.

In preparation of the processing aid in granular form, the proportion of soap is preferably adjusted to produce granules of 1/64" (0.4 mm) to 1/16" (1.6 mm), most preferably about 1/32" (0.8 mm), in size. Generally a soap content of 1 to 3% by weight, preferably about 2% by weight is suitable. The granules are constituted of primary particles whose size corresponds to that of the latex solids, i.e., 90% by weight less than about 100 microns. In mechanical processing of a polyvinyl halide polymer blend containing the processing aid, the granules are readily reduced to the constituent primary particles.

By dry blending the terpolymer processing aid with a polyvinyl halide polymer prior to mechanical processing, a composition is provided which not only has superior properties for processing but which yields a final product shaped article whose mechanical properties approximate the unplasticized polyvinyl halide. In the polyvinyl halide blends, the preferred proportion of processing aid varies according to the mechanical process to which the composition is to be subjected and the end product to be formed. Broadly, the proportion of PPA may vary from 0.1 to 20% by weight. In most applications, the polyvinyl halide composition should contain between about 1 and about 3% by weight of the terpolymer processing aid. For calendered sheet and extruded siding, the processing aid content is preferably in the range of 1.5-3%. However, in extruded pipe applications, a processing aid content as low as 0.1-0.5% may be suitable, while in some calendering operations, processing aid contents in the range of 3-8% or higher may be appropriate.

Other components of the polyvinyl halide blend composition include conventional heat stabilizers such as dibutyl tin laurate, basic lead carbonate, dibasic lead phthalate, fatty acid soaps of barium, cadmium and zinc, cadmium and barium phenates and epoxidized linseed and soybean oils. While the optimum proportion of the heat stabilizer may vary rather widely, for example from 0.1-10% by weight, the requisite heat stabilizer level for a given application is significantly reduced by the effect of the terpolymer processing aid in promoting rapid low temperature fusion and low melt viscosity. This both lowers the temperatures to which the polyvinyl halide is exposed and the time over which the exposure occurs.

Of the heat stabilizing materials noted above, the fatty acid soaps such as calcium and zinc stearate also serve as lubricants in the polyvinyl halide blend composition. Other lubricants such as paraffin waxes and oxidized low molecular weight polyethylene can also be included. Typically, polyvinyl halide blend compositions further contain fillers, such as calcium carbonate, and pigments, such as titanium dioxide, all in essentially conventional proportions well known to the art.

In preparing the blends, the particulate polyvinyl halide resin and terpolymer processing aid are blended using conventional powder mixing equipment such as a Brabender, Hobart or Henschel mixer. In the preparation of a blend adapted for extrusion, the resin is preferably agitated by itself with an energy input sufficient to heat it to 125°-135° F. (52°-57° C.), at which temperature the stabilizer is added. Thereafter, mechanical mixing is carried out with sufficient energy input to raise the temperature to 160°-180° F. (71°-82° C.) at which point the processing aid is blended in. Where other components such as fillers, pigments, plasticizers, resin modifiers and impact modifiers are utilized, these are preferably incorporated subsequent to the addition of the processing aid, and at a temperature in the range of 170°-190° F. (76°-88° C.). Lubricants can thereafter be added at a temperature in the range of 190°-210° F. (88°-99° C.) and the blend brought up to 220°-240° F. (104°-116° C.) by further energy input. Preferably, the energy input arises from the frictional heat generated by mechanical mixing alone and no external heat is applied during the mixing.

Mechanical processing of the polyvinyl halide composition proceeds using conventional milling, calendering, injection molding blow molding, thermoforming and extrusion techniques and equipment. In the preparation of the final shaped article product, the polymer blend may be used directly as a powder. Alternatively, when the final product is manufactured by such processes an extrusion and injection molding, the blend may be preliminarily extruded and pelletized, and the pellets fed to the final forming process. Because of the effect of the processing aid on the kinetics of polyvinyl halide particle structure breakdown, as illustrated generally in FIG. 4, with resultant effect on the viscosity vs. temperature relationship as illustrated generally in FIG. 3, both preliminary and final processing can be carried out at temperatures that are controlled below 400° F. (204° C.). At any given temperature and after any particular period of mechanical working, percentage fusion, i.e., the proportion of the polyvinyl halide reduced to the microdomain structure, is substantially higher than that for the polymer without the processing aid. However, at a given viscosity, percentage fusion and associated die swell are lower than for PVCs containing PPAs based on methyl methacrylate. Because the processing aids provide rapid fusion and low melt viscosity, and allow use of relatively low processing temperatures, both high throughput and low energy consumption can be achieved through their use. Low melt viscosity also enhances mold definition and mold filling rates in injection molding processes and reduces mechanical wear on the screw used in injection molding and extrusion processing. Single screw rather than twin screw equipment is rendered feasible for many applications. It has further been observed that the PPAs promote mold release, and are relatively noncorrosive and do not cause pitting of the screen or other equipment surfaces. Moreover, it has been found that pigment dispersion is facilitated. Most significantly, the compositions of the invention afford a high efficiency, relatively lower proportions of PPA generally being required for a given application as compared to those PPAs previously available commercially.

A variety of polyvinyl halide polymers may be used in the blends of the invention. Particularly advantageous are blends containing vinyl chloride homopolymers since the homopolymers have favorable mechanical properties and the processing aids are capable of facilitating the processing of the homopolymers without materially diminishing those properties. However, the processing aids are also suited for use in processing copolymers comprised of vinyl chloride and a variety of comonomers, including vinyl acetate, vinylidene chloride, maleic anhydride and various acrylics. The processing aids are also useful in conjunction with chlorinated polyvinyl chloride and blends of chlorinated polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride, as well as carboxylated PVC latexes and blends of polyvinyl chloride with butadiene/acrylonitrile rubbers.

In accordance with the invention, a wide variety of shaped articles can be produced by various conventional processes such as milling, calendering, extrusion, injection molding, blow molding, thermoforming and the like. These products have advantageous mechanical properties which approximate those of the unplasticized polyvinyl halide resin constituent of the blend from which the product article is made. Of major significance is the capability of the PPAs to significantly reduce fusion time, fusion temperature and melt viscosity, without substantial adverse effect on the heat deflection temperature or other service properties of a processed PVC blend containing the PPAs. In particular, surface quality is high and, when desired, clarity is preserved. Also, the weatherability of the shaped articles has been found superior to that of comparable articles produced form blends containing commercially available PPAs.

The following examples illustrate the invention.

EXAMPLE 1

An emulsion polymerization medium was prepared by charging the following components to a stirred reaction vessel:

    ______________________________________                                         Reactor Charge        Parts by Weight                                          ______________________________________                                         Deionized Water       177                                                      Tetrasodium Salt of Ethylene-                                                                        0.05                                                     diaminetetraacetic acid                                                        Sodium Dodecylbenzenesulfonate                                                                       2.0                                                      Nonylphenoxypolyethyleneoxyethanol                                                                   1.5                                                      Sodium Bicarbonate    0.4                                                      Sodium Hydroxide      0.5                                                      Potassium Persulfate  0.25                                                     ______________________________________                                    

A bulk monomer mixture was prepared containing 97 parts by weight styrene and 3 parts by weight methacrylic acid. The emulsion polymerization medium was heated to 80° C. and introduction of the monomer mixture into the medium was commenced. The monomer mixture was added slowly and continuously over a period of 80 minutes. After introduction of the monomer mixture was complete, the reaction system was heated to 85° C., maintained at that temperature for an additional 30 minutes, and then cooled to 25° C. A finished latex was obtained which contained 37% by weight solids and had a pH of 9.4. It was air dried and mechanically agitated to produce a fine white powdery polymer having a particle size distribution such that 90% by weight was finer than 100 microns.

Using the same emulsion polymerization medium, a series of random terpolymers was produced using the bulk monomer mixtures set forth in Table 1. In each case, a latex was obtained having a pH 9.0-9.5 and containing 35-40% by weight solids. Upon air drying, a white powdery polymer was obtained having the fine particle size distribution stated above.

In the tables, the following abbreviations are used for the various monomers:

Olefins

STY=Styrene

Diesters of Addition Polymerizable Dicarboxylic Acid

DEF=diethyl fumarate

DEM=diethyl maleate

DBM=dibutyl maleate

DBF=dibutyl fumarate

DBI=dibutyl itaconate

DMI=dimethyl itaconate

BBM=butyl benzyl maleate

Solubilizing Monomers

AN=acrylonitrile

MMA=methyl methacrylate

EA=ethyl acrylate

BA=butyl acrylate

HEA=hydroxyethyl acrylate

VA=vinyl acetate

MA=methyl acrylate

MAn=maleic anhydride

MCA=methyl Cellosolve acrylate (ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acrylate)

Other Monomers

MEM=monomethyl maleate

MBM=monobutyl maleate

                  TABLE 1                                                          ______________________________________                                         Compositions of Random Terpolymers                                             Produced in Non-Soap Emulsions                                                 Parts by weight monomer                                                        Polymer  Olefin       Diester       Solubilizing                               ______________________________________                                         29       40 STY       10    DEF     10  AN                                                                         40  MMA                                    30       40 STY       20    DEF     10  AN                                                                         30  MMA                                    31       75 STY       10    DEF     15  AN                                     32       75 STY       10    DEM     15  AN                                     33       55 STY       20    DEM     20  AN                                                                         5   MCA                                    34       60 STY       20    DEM     20  AN                                     40       40 STY       20    DBF     40  MMA                                    41       40 STY       20    DBM     40  MMA                                    42       40 STY       20    DEM     40  MMA                                    43       40 STY       20    DEM     40  MMA                                    44       40 STY       20    DEF     40  MMA                                    ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE 2

Using the emulsification medium described in Example 1, segmented polymers were prepared by the following procedure. The polymerization medium was preheated to 80° C., after which a first bulk monomer mixture was slowly and continuously added to the medium over a period of approximately 80 minutes. Immediately after completing introduction of the first monomer mixture, a second bulk monomer mixture was continuously added to the reaction medium over a period of about 20 minutes, while the reaction temperature was maintained at approximately 80° C. When introduction of the second monomer mixture was complete, the reaction mixture was heated to 85° C. and maintained at that temperature for an additional 30 minutes. Upon cooling to 25° C., a latex product was obtained containing 35-40% solids and having a pH of 9.0-9.5. In each instance, the polymer recovered from the latex by air-drying and mechanical agitation was a fine white powder having a particle size distribution such that 90% by weight was less than about 100 microns in size.

Compositions of the monomer mixture for the segmented polymers of this example are set forth in Table 2.

                  TABLE 2                                                          ______________________________________                                         Compositions of Segmented Terpolymers                                          Produced in Non-Soap Emulsions                                                 Monomer       Parts by Weight Monomer                                          Polymer Mixture   Olefin    Diester Solubilizing                               ______________________________________                                         54      I         37 STY    25  DEF   10   AN                                          II        28 STY                                                       57      I         10 STY    15  DEF   5    AN                                          II        60 STY              10   AN                                  59      I         15 STY    20  DEF   5    AN                                          II        55 STY              5    AN                                  61      I         50 STY    15  DEF   15   AN                                          II        15 STY              5    AN                                  .sup. 62.sup.a                                                                         I         50 STY    15  DEF   15   AN                                          II        15 STY              5    AN                                  63      I         50 STY    15  DEF   15   AN                                          II        15 STY              5    AN                                  64      I         50 STY    15  DEF   15   AN                                          II        15 STY              5    AN                                  66      I         50 STY    15  DMI   15   AN                                          II        15 STY              5    AN                                  67      I         50 STY    15  BBM   15   AN                                          II        15 STY              5    AN                                  69      I         60 STY    10  DBF   10   AN                                          II        15 STY              5    AN                                  73      I         60 STY    10  DBF   10   AN                                          II        15 STY              5    AN                                  77-87   I         60 STY    10  DBF   10   AN                                          II        15 STY              5    AN                                  89      I         60 STY    10  DBF   10   MMA                                         II        15 STY              5    MMA                                 91, 92, 94                                                                             I         60 STY    10  DBF   10   AN                                          II        15 STY              5    AN                                  .sup. 101.sup.b, e                                                                     I         60 STY    10  DBF   10   AN                                          II        15 STY              5    AN                                  102     I         60 STY    10  DBF   10   AN                                          II        15 STY              5    AN                                  .sup. 103.sup.c, f                                                                     I         59 STY    10  DBF   15   AN                                          II        15 STY              5    AN                                  104.sup.c                                                                              I         60 STY    10  DBF   10   AN                                          II        15 STY              5    AN                                  105.sup.b                                                                              I         53 STY    17  DBF   10   AN                                          II        15 STY              5    AN                                  106     I         53 STY    17  DEF   10   AN                                          II        15 STY              5    AN                                  107.sup.d                                                                              I         65 STY    10  DBF   5    AN                                          II        10 STY              10   AN                                  108     I         55 STY    15  DBF   10   AN                                          II        15 STY              5    AN                                  ______________________________________                                          .sup.a No NaOH in formulation                                                  .sup.b 0.16% potassium persulfate                                              .sup.c 0.1% potassium persulfate                                               .sup.d 0.14% potassium persulfate                                              .sup.e 0.75% fumaric acid                                                      .sup.f 1% methacrylic acid                                               

EXAMPLE 3

An emulsion polymerization medium having the following composition was prepared in a stirred reactor vessel:

    ______________________________________                                         Reactor Charge       Parts                                                     ______________________________________                                         Deionized Water      178                                                       Tetrasodium Salt of Ethylene                                                                        0.05                                                      Diaminetetraacetic acid                                                        C.sub.16 -C.sub.18 Fatty Acid                                                                       3.5                                                       Sodium Bicarbonate   0.4                                                       Sodium Hydroxide     0.8                                                       Potassium Persulfate 0.1                                                       ______________________________________                                    

Using this polymerization medium, both segmented and random terpolymer latexes were prepared from bulk monomer mixtures, essentially in the manner described in Examples 1 and 2. In each case, a latex was formed having a pH of about 9.5 and a solids content of about 37% by weight.

A 3% by weight MgSO₄ solution was prepared having a volume approximately twice that of the product latex. This solution was heated to 85°-90° C. and the latex slowly added thereto over a period of 20-30 minutes. This caused the latex to coagulate, producing granules of the terpolymer that precipitated from the emulsion. The coagulated mixture was then filtered for recovery of the granular product and the polymer washed on the filter with a volume of hot water essentially equivalent to the volume of MgSO₄ solution used for coagulation. After drying in a vacuum oven, the white granular polymer was found to have an average particle size of approximately 1/32 (0.8 mm) of an inch. This granular product could be handled with minimal dusting but was readily reducible to its constituent particles upon grinding or subjection to mechanical processing in PVC blends.

Set forth in Table 3 are the compositions of the monomer mixtures used in the preparation of the granular polymers of this example.

                  TABLE 3                                                          ______________________________________                                         Compositions of Terpolymers Produced                                           In Fatty Acid Soap Emulsions                                                   Monomer       Parts by Weight Monomer                                          Polymer Mixture   Olefin    Diester Solubilizing                               ______________________________________                                         91A     I         60 STY    10  DBF   10   AN                                          II        15 STY              5    AN                                  91B     I         60 STY    10  DBF   10   AN                                          II        15 STY              5    AN                                  92A     I         60 STY    10  DBF   10   AN                                          II        15 STY              5    AN                                  92B     I         60 STY    10  DBF   10   AN                                          II        15 STY              5    AN                                  93      I         60 STY    10  DBF   10   AN                                          II        15 STY              5    AN                                  95      I         60 STY    10  DBF   10   AN                                          II        15 STY              5    AN                                  .sup. 96.sup.a                                                                         I         60 STY    10  DBF   10   AN                                          II        15 STY              5    AN                                  .sup. 97.sup.b                                                                         I         60 STY    10  DBF   10   AN                                          II        15 STY              5    AN                                  98      I         60 STY    10  DBF   10   AN                                                                        5    AN                                  99      I         60 STY    10  DBF   10   AN                                          II        15 STY              5    AN                                  110.sup.c                                                                              I         55 STY    10  DBF   15   AN                                          II        15 STY              5    AN                                  112     I         50 STY    15  DBF   15   AN                                          II        15 STY              5    AN                                  114     I         46 STY    17  DBF   12   AN                                          II        20 STY              5    AN                                  115     I         46 STY    17  DBI   12   AN                                          II        20 STY              5    AN                                  116     (Random)  66 STY    17  DBF   17   AN                                  117     (Random)  66 STY    17  DBI   17   AN                                  ______________________________________                                          .sup.a also 0.25 phr fumaric acid                                              .sup.b also 0.25 phr itaconic acid                                             .sup.c 0.14% potassium persulfate                                        

Weight average molecular weights and glass transition temperatures were measured for the terpolymers of Examples 1 to 3. Molecular weight was determined by gel permeation chromatography and glass transition temperature was determined by ASTM D3418 (1982). The degree of compatibility between the terpolymer processing aids and PVC was assessed by taking the transmission electron micrographs of the PVC formulations produced in accordance with example 4, infra.

                  TABLE 4                                                          ______________________________________                                         Polymer        Glass Transition                                                No.    M. W.   Temperature °C.                                                                      Avg. Particle Size (TEM)                           ______________________________________                                         29     .sup. 128K                                                                             92           --                                                 30     130     88           --                                                 31     446     92           <1/3μ                                                  573     "                                                               32     587     82           <1/3μ                                           33     399     51           <1/4μ                                           34     570     63           <1/4μ                                           40     367     78           --                                                 41     397     35           --                                                 42     377     43           --                                                 44     306     102          --                                                 57     700     95           --                                                 59     654     100          --                                                 61     577     98           --                                                 62     470     99           --                                                 63     644     73           --                                                 64     549     102          --                                                 66     269     105          <1/3μ                                           67     655     65           <1/5μ                                           69     599     95           <1/3μ                                           73     848     90           <1/2μ                                           74     763     85           <1/2μ                                           75     780     85           <1/2μ                                           76     657     83           <1/2μ                                           88     262     97           --                                                 89     322     84            <21/2 μ                                        90     364     89           --                                                 91A    199     94           <1/3μ                                           91B    --      94           <1/2μ                                           92A    197     95           <1/4μ                                           92B    --      95           <1/2μ                                           93     370     92           --                                                 95     458     91           <1/2μ                                           96     492     91           --                                                 97     456     90           --                                                 98, 99 449     88           --                                                 101    813     87           --                                                 102    794     87           --                                                 103    809     87           --                                                        813                                                                     104    1215    90           --                                                 105    543     85           --                                                 106    480     97           --                                                 107    835     90           --                                                        832                                                                     108    1150    83           --                                                 110    1170    94           --                                                 112    1490    89           --                                                 ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE 4

Using blends of PVC homopolymer containing the polymer processing aids produced in Examples 1-3, fusion tests were carried out using a Brabender plasticorder. Formulations for use in these tests were prepared by hand mixing batches 50 grams in size. Each batch contained a polyvinyl chloride resin having an average inherent viscosity of 0.92, a molecular weight of 82,500 and a glass transition temperature of 77° C., as sold under the trade designation Geon 103 EPF-76 by B. F. Goodrich Company (100 parts by weight), dibutyl tin bis(isooctyl mercaptoacetate) sold under the trade designation Thermolite 31 by M. and T. Chemical (2 parts by weight), titanium dioxide pigment sold under the trade designation Rutile R-901 by DuPont (2 parts by weight), and the terpolymer processing aid. In most instances, the PPA content was 4 phr but, in the case of certain of the terpolymers, lower levels of 1-3.5 phr were also tested.

In each test in the Brabender plasticorder, the rotor speed was 120 RPM and the fusion head temperature was 201° C. Measurements were made of fusion time, fusion temperature, torque at fusion, and stability time (i.e., time between fusion and degradation). The temperature and torque at degradation were also determined. Results of these tests are set forth in Table 5.

Using certain of the PPAs of Examples 1 to 3, injection molding blends were prepared having the following composition.

PVC suspension resin (avg i.v.=0.68; Tg=75° C.; M_(w) =57,600) Sold under the trade designation Geon 110×334 by B. F. Goodrich--100 phr

Thermolite 31--3 phr

Processing aid--4 phr

The ingredients of these blends (˜600 g. each) were mixed for 5 minutes in a Hobart laboratory low-speed mixer, then melt mixed by extrusion at 180°-190° C. and pelletized. The extruder was a 3/4" (19.1 mm) C.W. Brabender with a 2 to 1 compression ratio (L/D=20:1) and a 3/16" (4.76 mm) I.D. orifice die. From the pelletized blend, injection molded specimens were prepared and tested for various properties. Heat deflection temperature was determined by ASTM method D-648-72 using an injection molded sample 5"×1/2"×1/8" (12.7 cm×1.27 cm×0.32 cm); impact strength was determined in accordance with Method A of ASTM D-256-78 using a 4 ft.-lb. (0.554 kg-m) scale and injection molded test specimens having a width of 1/2" (1.27 cm), a thickness of 1/8" (032 cm) and a 0.040" (0.102 cm) notch radius; tensile strength was determined on type I injection molded specimens in accordance with ASTM method D-638-77A using an Inston Tensometer at a testing speed of 0.2 inch/minute (0.508 cm/min) and a gauge length of 4.5" (11.43 cm).

For comparative purposes fusion tests were run on control samples (no PPA), and on PVC blends containing polystyrene, a commercially available poly(α-methylstyrene) processing aid, a commercially available processing aid based on methyl methacrylate, and several other copolymers of methyl methacrylate, and of styrene. For certain of these comparative processing aids, heat deflection temperature, impact strength and tensile strength were also determined on standard injection molded specimens. Except for the processing aid, the compositions of the comparative fusion blends and injection molding blends were the same, respectively, as the above described fusion and injection molding blends containing the PPAs of the invention. Results of these tests are set forth in Table 6.

                                      TABLE 5                                      __________________________________________________________________________                     Fusion - 201° C. Head                                                                Degradation                                       Polymer PPA                                                                               Chamber                                                                             Temp.                                                                              Torque                                                                              Fusion                                                                             Temp.                                                                              Torque                                                                              Stability                                No.     phr                                                                               Temp °C.                                                                     °C.                                                                         g-m  Time                                                                               °C.                                                                         g-m  Time                                     __________________________________________________________________________     Control 0  183  213 3420 9'30"                                                                              243 1790 2'25"                                    29      4  183  190 5100 0'10"                                                                              240 1950 2'35"                                    30      4  183  183 5500 0'10"                                                                              240 1910 2'50"                                    31      4  184  189 5150 0'10"                                                                              241 1970 2'50"                                    "       2.5                                                                               184  193 5050 0'20"                                                                              244 1950 2'55"                                    "       2.0                                                                               183  193 4850 0'25"                                                                              244 1920 3'00"                                    "       1.5                                                                               183  193 4550 0'30"                                                                              243 1920 2'50"                                    "       1.0                                                                               182  210 3600 7'55"                                                                              244 1830 2'30"                                    32      4  183  191 5300 0'20"                                                                              244 1990 2'45"                                    33      4  183  191 5200 0'10"                                                                              244 1990 2'55"                                    34      4  185  191 >5000                                                                               0'20"                                                                              245 2000 2'40"                                    40      4  182  186 5000 0'15"                                                                              238 1820 3'10"                                    41      4  182  192 4400 0'20"                                                                              238 1830 3'00"                                    42      4  182  190 4750 0'20"                                                                              238 1870 2'55"                                    44      4  182  189 5050 0'20"                                                                              238 1880 3'00"                                    57      4  182  190 5650 0'20"                                                                              245 1990 2'40"                                    59      4  183  183 5500 0'15"                                                                              244 1970 2'50"                                    61      4  182  187 5700 0'20"                                                                              245 2030 2'40"                                    62      4  181  187 5700 0'20"                                                                              244 2020 2'45"                                    63      4  181  187 5800 0'20"                                                                              244 2010 2'45"                                    64      4  181  188 5650 0'20"                                                                              245 2000 2'45"                                    66      4  181  190 5400 0'20"                                                                              244 2020 2'40"                                    67      4  185  185 >6000                                                                               0'10"                                                                              244 2030 2'45"                                    69      4  182  183 >6000                                                                               0'10"                                                                              244 1990 2'50"                                    "       2  182  187 >5000                                                                               0'20"                                                                              243 1940 2'55"                                    "       1.5                                                                               183  192 4800 0'25"                                                                              244 1930 2'50"                                    "       1.0                                                                               182  210 3600 7'35"                                                                              244 1830 2'30"                                    73      4  184  181 6050 0'05"                                                                              246 2060 2'50"                                    74      4  183  183 5900 0'05"                                                                              245 2050 2'45"                                    75      4  183  184 5800 0'05"                                                                              245 2020 2'50"                                    76      4  183  181 6000 0'05"                                                                              245 2050 2'45"                                    88      4  183  190 5430 0'05"                                                                              245 2020 2'45"                                    89      4  184  194 4420 0'10"                                                                              242 1860 3'05"                                    90      4  182  180 5900 0'01"                                                                              244 1990 3'00"                                    91A     4  182  192 5700 0'05"                                                                              245 1890 3'20"                                    91B     4  184  191 5300 0'10"                                                                              244 1890 3'10"                                    92A     4  183  190 5100 0'05"                                                                              245 1900 3'15"                                    92B     4  183  190 5300 0'05"                                                                              243 1890 3'05"                                    65      4  181  195 4950 0'20"                                                                              244 2030 2'35"                                    (70 STY/                                                                       30 AN)                                                                         (70 STY/                                                                               3  182  200 4500 1'00"                                                                              244 2010 2'25"                                    30 AN)                                                                         (70 STY/                                                                               2  181  213 3750 6'40"                                                                              244 1910 2'20"                                    30 AN)                                                                         (70 STY/                                                                               1  182  213 3600 8'50"                                                                              244 1910 2'05"                                    30 AN)                                                                         RL-34   4  185  190 >5000                                                                               0'25"                                                                              243 1880 2'55"                                    (70 STY/                                                                       30 AN)                                                                         53      4  183  192 4800 0'10"                                                                              242 1800 3'25"                                    (75 STY/                                                                       25 DEF)                                                                        53      2  182  197 4400 0'25"                                                                              243 1850 3'00"                                    (75 STY/                                                                       25 DEF)                                                                        53      1  182  213 3300 10'00"                                                                             243 1810 2'20"                                    (75 STY/                                                                       25 DEF)                                                                        46      4  183  190 4150 0'20"                                                                              238 1690 3'25"                                    (75 STY/                                                                       25 DEF)                                                                        K-      4  181  209 4050 4'50"                                                                              245 2010 2'10"                                    120 N                                                                          (95 MMA/                                                                       5 EA)                                                                          K-      3  183  211 3850 6'10"                                                                              244 1920 2'10"                                    120 N                                                                          (95 MMA/                                                                       5 EA)                                                                          K-      2  183  212 3750 7'25"                                                                              244 1890 2'15"                                    120 N                                                                          (95 MMA/                                                                       5 EA)                                                                          K-      1  182  213 3650 8'00"                                                                              243 1910 2'05"                                    120 N                                                                          (95 MMA/                                                                       5 EA)                                                                          Amoco   4  182  192 4300 0'10"                                                                              238 1720 3' 40"                                   18-                                                                            210                                                                            Poly-   4  181  195 4000 0'10"                                                                              240 1880 3'15"                                    tyrene                                                                         Lytron 621-10                                                                          4  183  194 4260 0'20"                                                                              242 1710 3'30"                                    (8 STY/10 EA/                                                                  10 AA)                                                                         93      4  183  190 5230 0'05"                                                                              243 1870 2'55"                                    95      4  182  192 5200 0'10"                                                                              244 1830 3'00"                                    96      4  184  191 5250 0'05"                                                                              244 1830 3'05"                                    97      4  183  191 5100 0'10"                                                                              243 1880 3'00"                                    99      4  183  189 5250 0'10"                                                                              243 1850 3'05"                                    "       1.5                                                                               184  198 4350 0'35"                                                                              243 1830 3'15"                                    "       1.0                                                                               184  209 3560 6'15"                                                                              243 1790 2'45"                                    101     4  183  192 5100 0'10"                                                                              244 1890 3'05"                                    102     4  183  190 5080 0'10"                                                                              245 1900 3'05"                                    "       1.5                                                                               183  194 4610 0'20"                                                                              243 1870 3'10"                                    "       1.0                                                                               182  209 3620 6'50"                                                                              243 1790 2'35"                                    103     4  184  195 4850 0'10"                                                                              245 1880 3'00"                                    104     4  183  187 5280 0'10"                                                                              245 1890 3'05"                                    "       1.5                                                                               184  196 4500 0'25"                                                                              243 1860 3'05"                                    "       1.0                                                                               182  209 3660 6'05"                                                                              243 1810 2'30"                                    105     4  183  192 5140 0'05"                                                                              244 1880 3'05"                                    "       1.5                                                                               182  194 4750 0'10"                                                                              243 1870 3'15"                                    "       1.0                                                                               183  197 4300 0'30"                                                                              243 1810 3'10"                                    106     4  183  190 5300 0'05"                                                                              244 1840 3'10"                                    "       1.5                                                                               182  202 4000 1'50"                                                                              243 1810 3'00"                                    "       1.0                                                                               183  209 3610 6'45"                                                                              243 1800 2'45"                                    107     4  182  192 4940 0'10"                                                                              244 1870 3'10"                                    "       1.5                                                                               183  197 4450 0'20"                                                                              243 1830 3'05"                                    "       1.0                                                                               183  213 3460 10'30"                                                                             244 1780 2'35"                                    108     4  181  188 5190 0'10"                                                                              244 1880 3'10"                                    "       1.5                                                                               182  195 4700 0'25"                                                                              243 1820 3'10"                                    "       1.0                                                                               183  198 4300 0'30"                                                                              243 1830 3'05"                                    110     4  183  188 5500 0'10"                                                                              245 1910 3'05"                                    "       1.5                                                                               182  198 4250 0'45"                                                                              243 1830 3'00"                                    "       1.0                                                                               182  209 3700 5'40"                                                                              243 1800 2'40"                                    112     4  183  192 5300 0'10"                                                                              245 1920 3'00"                                    "       1.5                                                                               182  198 4250 0'45"                                                                              243 1830 3'00"                                    "       1.0                                                                               182  211 3660 6'50"                                                                              243 1810 2'35"                                    114     4  183  190 5580 0'10"                                                                              245 1890 3'00"                                    "       1.5                                                                               181  195 4950 0'15"                                                                              244 1880 3'15"                                    "       1.0                                                                               182  196 4510 0'30"                                                                              244 1840 3'00"                                    115     4  183  188 5500 0'10"                                                                              246 1910 3'05"                                    "       1.5                                                                               183  194 4900 0'20"                                                                              245 1890 2'55"                                    "       1.0                                                                               183  212 3670 8'15"                                                                              244 1790 2'25"                                    116     4  182  190 5450 0'05"                                                                              245 1890 3'05"                                    "       1.5                                                                               183  193 5120 0'10"                                                                              244 1890 3'10"                                    "       1.0                                                                               182  198 4450 0'30"                                                                              244 1820 3'10"                                    117     4  182  188 5400 0'05"                                                                              245 1890 3'05"                                    "       1.5                                                                               184  193 4850 0'10"                                                                              244 1870 3'00"                                    "       1.0                                                                               183  200 4350 0'35"                                                                              244 1840 3'05"                                    __________________________________________________________________________

                  TABLE 6                                                          ______________________________________                                                           Izod Impact                                                                              Tensile                                            Polymer   HDT     ft. lb./in.                                                                              Strength                                           No.       °C.                                                                             (kg-m/cm) psi (kg/cm.sup.2)                                                                      Clarity                                    ______________________________________                                         Control   63.2    3.2   (0.18)                                                                               7700 (541)                                                                               Clear                                  31        64.0    2.2   (0.12)                                                                               8000 (562)                                                                               Hazy                                   32        64.9    1.7   (0.09)                                                                               8500 (598)                                                                               Hazy                                   32        64.9    1.7   (0.09)                                                                               8500 (598)                                                                               Hazy                                   34        64.0    2.1   (0.12)                                                                               8800 (598)                                                                               Clear                                  40        --      --          --        Sl. Hazy                               41        --      --          --        Sl. Hazy                               42        --      --          --        Sl. Hazy                               44        --      --          --        Sl. Hazy                               57        64.2    2.4   (0.13)                                                                               7900 (555)                                                                               Sl. Hazy                               59        63.8    2.9   (0.16)                                                                               7900 (555)                                                                               Sl. Hazy                               61        64.1    1.4   (0.08)                                                                               8000 (562)                                                                               Clear                                  62        63.1    2.9   (0.16)                                                                               7700 (541)                                                                               Sl. Hazy                               63        62.3    2.5   (0.14)                                                                               8200 (576)                                                                               Hazy-Opaque                            64        63.0    2.7   (0.15)                                                                               7700 (541)                                                                               Clear                                  66        63.4    2.8   (0.16)                                                                               8000 (562)                                                                               Clear                                  67        64.8    2.3   (0.13)                                                                               8500 (598)                                                                               Clear                                  69        63.7    3.1   (0.17)                                                                               7800 (548)                                                                               Sl. Hazy                               73        64.4    2.6   (0.14)                                                                               8100 (569)                                                                               Hazy                                   74        64.5    2.4   (0.13)                                                                               8300 (583)                                                                               Hazy                                   75        65.0    2.4   (0.13)                                                                               8200 (576)                                                                               Sl. Hazy                               76        65.5    2.7   (0.15)                                                                               8300 (583)                                                                               Sl. Hazy                               88        65.4    2.2   (0.12)                                                                               8200 (576)                                                                               Hazy                                   89        65.5    2.4   (0.13)                                                                               8100 (569)                                                                               Opaque                                 90        65.2    2.5   (0.14)                                                                               8000 (562)                                                                               Hazy                                   91A       64.8    2.7   (0.15)                                                                               8100 (569)                                                                               Sl. Hazy                               91B       64.8    2.6   (0.14)                                                                               8100 (569)                                                                               Sl. Hazy                               92A       64.7    2.1   (0.12)                                                                               8100 (569)                                                                               Clear                                  92B       64.7    2.4   (0.13)                                                                               8000 (562)                                                                               Clear                                  65        63.4    2.9   (0.16)                                                                               7800 (548)                                                                               Hazy-Opaque                            (70 STY/                                                                       30 AN)                                                                         RL-34     65.2    2.6   (0.14)                                                                               8300 (583)                                                                               Clear                                  (80 STY/                                                                       30 AN)                                                                         53        62.8    2.5   (0.14)                                                                               8100 (569)                                                                               Hazy-Opaque                            46        62.0    2.1   (0.12)                                                                               7900 (555)                                                                               Hazy                                   K-120 N   64.4    2.7   (0.15)                                                                               8100 (569)                                                                               Clear                                  (95 MMA/SEA)                                                                   Amoco     62.3    1.6   (0.08)                                                                               8600 (605)                                                                               Hazy-Opaque                            18210                                                                          Poly-     64.0    3.4   (0.19)                                                                               7600 (534)                                                                               Opaque                                 styrene                                                                        (80 STY/  --      --          --        Hazy-Opaque                            10 EA/                                                                         10 AA)                                                                         93        65.4    2.5   (0.14)                                                                               8200 (576)                                                                               Hazy                                   95        65.2    2.6   (0.14)                                                                               8300 (583)                                                                               Hazy                                   101       63.3    3.2   (0.18)                                                                               7800 (548)                                                                               Hazy                                   102       63.4    3.2   (0.18)                                                                               7800 (548)                                                                               Hazy                                   103       63.8    2.2   (0.12)                                                                               7900 (555)                                                                               Hazy-Opaque                            104       64.2    2.4   (0.13)                                                                               7900 (555)                                                                               Hazy                                   105       63.8    3.2   (0.18)                                                                               7800 (548)                                                                               Clear                                  106       63.9    3.1   (0.17)                                                                               7800 (548)                                                                               Sl. Hazy                               107       --      --          --        Hazy                                   108       --      --          --        Sl. Hazy                               110       --      --          --        Clear                                  112       --      --          --        Clear                                  114       --      --          --        Clear                                  115       --      --          --        Clear                                  116       --      --          --        Sl. Hazy                               117       --      --          --        Sl. Hazy                               ______________________________________                                    

Certain of the injection molded samples were also observed for clarity. The samples containing polystyrene as a processing aid were opaque. Those containing Amoco 18-210 and the 80STY/10EA/10AA PPAs were hazy. Slightly hazy specimens were obtained with polymer 31, polymer 46 and polymer 69. The control sample and the sample containing polymer 114 and K-120N were clear.

To illustrate the impact of processing aid level on fusion time and temperature a plot of these parameters versus PPA level for blends containing polymer 69, 114 and the commercially available K-120N are set forth in FIGS. 5 and 6 respectively.

EXAMPLE 5

Utilizing PVC blends containing polymer 69 (2 phr) and otherwise corresponding to those used in fusion tests of Example 4, fusion time was measured at a series of fusion head temperatures, i.e., 180° C., 190° C. and 200° C. This data is plotted in FIG. 7 together with comparable data for K-120N at 4 phr, and a control (no PPA).

EXAMPLE 6

Killion extrusion tests were run on PVC blends of the same type utilized in the fusion tests of Example 4. Each of the extrusion blends contained 4 phr of the processing aid. For comparative purposes, similar extrusion tests were run using controls (no PPA) and blends containing polystyrene and various of the other alternative processing aids mentioned in Example 4. In each extrusion run, stock temperature, and die backpressure were measured. In certain of the runs, the measurements were also made of drive power, output, energy consumption, die swell and surface quality. Surface quality was judged on an arbitrary scale of 1 to 11, with 1 designating the best surface and 11 the worst. Results of the extrusion runs of this example are set forth in Table 7.

                  TABLE 7                                                          ______________________________________                                                        Back                Energy                                                     Press-              Con-                                                       ure                 sump  Post                                         Stock   psi     Drive       tion  Extrudate                             Polymer                                                                               Temp.   (kg/    Power Output                                                                               w-    Swell*                                No.    °C.                                                                             cm.sup.2)                                                                              watts g/min min/g mil  %                                ______________________________________                                         Control                                                                               185     2115    1573  148.4 10.6  171  36.8                                            (148.6)                                                         A1     183     2108    1624  141.2 11.5  --   --                                              (148.2)                                                         A2     184     2172    1485  135.0 11.0  --   --                                              (152.7)                                                         A3     185     2177    1468  148.3  9.9  180  44.0                                            (153.0)                                                         A4     184     2097    1436  145.1  9.0  182  45.6                                            (147.4)                                                         A5     185     2097    1353  140.9  9.6  184  47.2                                            (147.4)                                                         A6     186     2258    1499  141.4 10.6  181  44.8                                            (158.7)                                                         A7     186     2258    1469  1399  10.5  188  50.4                                            (158.7)                                                         A8     183     1944    1459  136.4 10.7  --   --                                              (136.7)                                                          2     183     2116    1437  138.2 10.4  --   --                                              (148.8)                                                          3     182     1855    1348  136.2  9.9  --   --                                              (130.4)                                                          6     185     1971    1477  136.8 10.8  --   --                                              (138.6)                                                          31    186     2040    1355  134.2 10.1  --   --                                              (143.4)                                                          46    182     1733    1818  146.6 12.4  180  44.0                                            (121.8)                                                          57    186     2100    1613  145.3 11.1  178  42.4                                            (147.6)                                                          59    185     2140    1.530 135.4 11.3  174  39.2                                            (150.4)                                                          61    185     2140    1493  135.7 11.0  173  38.4                                            (150.4)                                                          65    184     2145    1539  1480  10.4  --   --                                              (150.8)                                                          69    184     1850    1428  132.2 10.8  --   --                                              (130.1)                                                         80 STY/                                                                               185     2016    1464  142.1 10.3  180  44.0                             10 EA/         (141.7)                                                         10 AA                                                                          101    182     2150    1828  147.4 12.4  --   --                                              (151.1)                                                         102    182     2100    1754  145.0 12.1  --   --                                              (147.6)                                                         103    182     2120    1784  143.9 12.4  --   --                                              (149.0)                                                         104    184     2230    2177  154.4 14.1  --   --                                              (156.8)                                                         105    184     2125    1842  149.8 12.3  --   --                                              (149.4)                                                         106    183     2115    1939  150.3 12.9  --   --                                              (148.7)                                                         107    186     2115    1991  152.0 13.1  172  37.6                                            (148.7)                                                         108    186     2110    1925  151.6 12.7  172  37.6                                            (148.3)                                                         110    186     2180    1996  154.7 12.9  175  40                                              (153.3)                                                         112    186     2140    1935  150.0 12.9  178  42.4                                            (150.4)                                                         114    186     2145    1939  151.5 12.8  178  42.4                                            (150.8)                                                         115    186     2155    1933  151.0 12.8  177  41.6                                            (151.5)                                                         116    186     2115    1935  151.2 12.8  178  42.4                                            (148.7)                                                         117    186     2105    177   149.1 11.9  176  40.8                                            (148.0)                                                         K-120N 185     2145    1415  141.5 10.0  186  50.4                                            (150.8)                                                         Amoco  186     1907    1622  156.0 10.4  178  42.4                             18-210         (134.1)                                                         Poly-  180     1839    1621  132.9 12.2  --   --                               styrene        (129.2)                                                         Metablen                                                                              185     2285    1650  150.0 11.0  197  57.                              P-551          (160.6)                                                         (M&T                                                                           acrylate)                                                                      ______________________________________                                          *Die I.D. = 0.125                                                        

FIG. 8 is a plot of surface quality versus the molecular weight of the processing aid for various PPAs of the invention and comparatively PPAs. Table 8 lists the compositions, molecular weight and softening temperatures of the comparative PPAs. Points on the plot of FIG. 8 are labeled to identify the particular polymer which the point represents. This plot illustrates desirability of the processing aid having a molecular weight of at least 100,000, preferably at least 200,000.

                  TABLE 8                                                          ______________________________________                                         Compositions and Properties of Comparative PPAs Used in PVC                    Blends Subjected to Extrusion and Surface Quality Observation                   Polymer No.                                                                                Composition                                                                                 ##STR1##                                                                                Tg (°C.)                             ______________________________________                                          3          97     STY        16    87                                                     3      MMA                                                          6          82     STY        20    92                                                     15     AN                                                                      3      MMA                                                          2          97     STY                                                                     3      MAA        43    94                                         A1          60     STY        48    94                                                     10     AN                                                                      20     MMA                                                                     10     MEM                                                         PVC         PVC               83    77                                         A2          65     STY        87    103                                                    30     AN                                                                      5      MEM                                                         A3          60     STY       103    99                                                     10     AN                                                                      20     MMA                                                                     10     MBM                                                         A4          60     STY       112    84                                                     10     AN                                                                      20     MBM                                                                     10     MBM                                                         A5          65     STY       166    107                                                    30     AN                                                                      5      MEM                                                         A6          62     STY       170    137                                                    22     MAn                                                                     11     MMA                                                         46          75     STY       203    46                                                     25     DEF                                                         A7          55     STY       270    137                                                    22     MAn                                                                     23     MMA                                                         A8          42     STY       340    98                                                     5      MAA                                                                     53     BA                                                          31          75     STY       450    92                                                     15     AN                                                                      10     DEF                                                         64          65     STY       550    102                                                    20     AN                                                                      15     DEF                                                         69          75     STY       600    95                                                     15     AN                                                                      10     DBF                                                         102         75     STY       794    87                                                     15     AN                                                                      10     DBF                                                         104         75     STY       1215   90                                                     15     AN                                                                      10     DBF                                                         ______________________________________                                    

In view of the above, it will be seen that the several objects of the invention are achieved and other advantageous results attained.

As various changes could be made in the above methods without departing from the scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A polymer composition comprising a blend of a vinyl halide polymer and a particulate polymer, said particulate polymer having a molecular weight of at least about 100,000 and a glass transition temperature of between about 60° C. and 100° C. and comprising between about 30% and about 90% by weight of repeating units derived from an olefin, between about 1% and about 30% by weight of diester repeating units derived from a diester of an addition polymerizable unsaturated dicarboxylic acid, and between about 1% and about 40% by weight of repeating units derived from a solubilizing monomer selected from acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile which promotes compatibility of the particulate polymer with said vinyl halide polymer.
 2. A polymer composition as set forth in claim 1 wherein:said olefin comprises a vinyl aromatic compound; and said diester is selected from dialkyl fumarates, diaryl fumarates, aryl alkyl fumarates, dialkyl maleates, diaryl maleates, aryl alkyl maleates, dialkyl itaconates, diaryl itaconates, and aryl alkyl itaconates.
 3. A polymer composition as set forth in claim 1 wherein said solubilizing monomer is acrylonitrile.
 4. A polymer composition as set forth in claim 2 wherein said solubilizing monomer is acrylonitrile.
 5. A polymer composition as set forth in claim 2 wherein said diester comprises a dialkyl fumarate.
 6. A polymer composition as set forth in claim 1 wherein said particulate polymer comprises between about 60% and about 85% of repeating units derived from said olefin, between about 5% and about 20% by weight of repeating units derived from said diester and between about 10% and about 20% by weight of repeating units derived from said solubilizing monomer.
 7. A polymer composition as set forth in claim 1 wherein said olefin is styrene, said diester is dibutyl fumarate and said solubilizing monomer is acrylonitrile.
 8. A polymer composition adapted for use in producing vinyl halide polymer products, comprising a blend of a vinyl halide polymer and a particulate polymer having a molecular weight of at least about 100,000 and a glass transition temperature of between about 60° C. and 100° C., said particulate polymer comprising between about 30% and about 90% by weight of repeating units derived from an olefin, between about 1% and about 30% by weight of diester repeating units derived from a diester of an addition polymerizable unsaturated dicarboxylic acid, and between about 1% and about 40% by weight of repeating units derived from a solubilizing monomer selected from acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile which promotes compatibility of the particulate polymer with said vinyl halide polymer, said particulate polymer having a particle size distribution such that at least about 90% by weight of the particles are smaller than about 100 microns.
 9. A polymer composition as set forth in claim 8 wherein said olefin is styrene, said diester is dibutyl fumarate and said solubilizing monomer is acrylonitrile.
 10. A shaped plastic article fabricated of a polymer blend comprising a vinyl halide polymer and a processing aid, said processing aid comprising a particulate polymer having a molecular weight of at least about 100,000 and a glass transition temperature of between about 60° C. and 100° C. and containing between about 30% and about 90% by weight of repeating units derived from an olefin, between about 1% and about 30% by weight of diester repeating units derived from a diester of an addition polymerizable unsaturated dicarboxylic acid, and between about 1% and about 40% by weight repeating units derived from a solubilizing monomer selected from acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile which promotes compatability of the particulate polymer with said vinyl halide polymer.
 11. A shaped plastic article as set forth in claim 10 wherein:said olefin is styrene; said diester is dibutyl fumarate; and said solubilizing monomer is acrylonitrile. 